xiii, 44, 49, 52–53, 58, 57, 59, 66, 67, 88, 89, 90, 91–92, 99, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 266n29, 277n111; and Parks’s bus arrest, 72–77; organizes for initial boycott, 79–83; and voter registration plan and frustration with MIA, 135–144, 149, 150; and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 19–20, 165, 201
nonviolent resistance, ix, 99, 100, 119, 131, 136, 164, 169, 170, 202, 208–209, 212, 213, 242
Noonan, Martha Norman, 179, 189, 199, 241
northern migration.
See
black migration
Parks, Rosa; and anti-apartheid movement, 229–230; and anti–Vietnam War movement, 218–219; and Black Power movement, 202–215, 217, 219–229; boycott leadership’s neglect of Parks, 104, 139, 141–144; bus stand (December 1, 1955), 60–77; commitment to African American history, viii, xv, 4, 5, 234, 174, 203, 207, 220, 222, 223, 234, 237, 240; and criminal justice, 22–24, 27–28, 30–32, 197–199, 224–228; and early activism, vii, xi, xiii, xi 14, 17, 18, 20–46, 69, 102, 108, 136, 157, 249n10; early life of, 1–16; death of, vii, 241; financial struggles of, xii, 5, 10, 37, 76, 77, 84, 116–122, 124, 130, 131, 137, 138, 139, 141, 149, 150–159, 163–164, 168–169, 229; funeral of, vii-x, 241; health issues of, xii, 5, 10, 116, 117, 124, 130, 140, 141, 152, 156, 157, 222, 229, 235; and John Conyers, vii, 143, 164, 180–187; and life in the North, 150–153, 157–158, 165–187, 191–200; meets Malcolm X, 209–212; radicalism of, xiii, 24, 41, 51, 201–207, 229; relationship with King, 55–56, 71, 78, 83, 90–91, 110, 121, 128, 138–139, 142–144, 146, 150, 153, 181, 188, 199–201, 207, 208, 213, 215–217; and Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, 234–235; and self-defense, 7, 12, 99, 201, 203, 208, 221, 213; as a symbol, x, xv, 83, 92, 93, 94, 104, 117, 121, 139, 164, 203, 233, 235–238, 242–244
Parks, Raymond, viii, xii, xiii, xiv, 8, 13, 20, 28, 31, 32, 37, 43, 50, 62, 72, 88, 99, 108, 127, 132, 137, 139, 159, 178, 188, 199, 215, 222, 266n29; and activism, 12, 13–17, 20, 22, 24, 51, 123, 124, 145, 211, 234, 270n151; and barbering in Detroit, 151, 158, 191, 195; criticism of, 76, 77, 122–123, 266n35; death of, 229; and decision to leave Montgomery, 148–152; and difficulties in Detroit, 152, 154, 156, 157; forced to resign his job and difficulties in Montgomery, 101–102, 116, 119, 123–124, 131, 137, 140, 141, 142; and initial fear about Parks’s arrest, 74–77; and NAACP, 15–16; and self-defense, 14, 15, 126, 208; support of Parks’s work, 122–123, 124, 218; testimony of, 113–114
Patterson, John, 114, 115
Patton, Gwen, 16, 221
Patton, W. C., 30, 119
People’s Tribunal (after 1967 Detroit uprising), 197–199
Perkins, Gertrude, 28, 93
Pierce, J. E., 45, 51, 56, 73, 79, 132
Pine Level, Alabama, 2, 3, 5, 124
Pittsburgh Courier
, 23, 128, 138, 141, 143, 147, 155, 220
Plessy v. Ferguson
, 132
police harassment, xiii, 14, 15, 16, 28, 31, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 64, 65, 148; of Montgomery bus boycott, 89, 96, 97, 100, 105, 110, 111, 132; in Detroit, 167, 170, 176, 177, 178, 187, 192–193, 194–195, 197, 198, 199; of civil rights and Black Power activists, 207, 217, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228
Powell, Adam Clayton, 24, 44, 128, 180
Progressive Civic League (PCL), 151, 152, 154, 280n219
Queen Mother Moore.
See
Moore, Audley
racism, ix, x, xi, 39, 50, 69, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 188, 201, 203, 217, 219, 233, 243
Randolph, Phillip A., 19, 128, 138, 141, 159, 160, 161, 162, 211
Reese, Jeanetta, 109, 114
Reeves, Jeremiah, 31–32, 44, 53, 93
“Remember, Uncle Tom says: ‘Only you can prevent ghetto fires’” (Ron Cobb poster), 184
Republic of New Afrika (RNA), 214, 223–225, 227
Resurrection City, 216–217
Reuther, Walter, 165, 180, 181, 282n4
Richardson, Gloria, 161, 162, 209
riots, 182, 184, 192; Detroit riots, 170, 193–200
Robinson, Jo Ann, 45, 54, 63, 83, 85, 87, 97, 99, 105, 110, 119, 123, 125, 126, 133–134, 137, 141, 263n120,