90–92, 97–98, 99, 104–105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 121, 136, 150, 151; and March on Washington, 159–162; and northern activism, 174–175, 181, 199–200; and northern white resistance to, 196, 199–200, 202; and Parks before the boycott, 55–56; and personal experience with bus segregation, 49–50; redbaiting of, 146–148, 184–185, 187; and Selma-to-Montgomery march, 188;
Stride Toward Freedom
, 71, 78
King, Rosalyn Oliver, 46–47, 80
King Solomon Baptist Church, 209
Ku Klux Klan, 3, 6, 9, 29, 65, 124, 147, 188, 189
Lewis, John, 160, 239
Lewis, Rufus, 24, 54, 90, 100
Liuzzo, Viola, 188–189
Lowndes County Freedom Organization, 190
Lucy, Autherine, 110, 114–115, 125, 128, 129, 130, 146
Lumumba, Chokwe, 205, 207, 225, 227–228
lynching, 7, 15, 20, 23, 43, 45, 54, 93, 142; and anti-lynching legislation, 27, 33
Madison, Arthur, 21
Madison, Joseph, 231
Malcolm X, ix, xiii, 7, 160, 178, 180, 185, 191, 201, 205, 207, 208, 222; meets Parks, 209–212
March on Washington, 159–163, 185, 211, 216
Marshall, Thurgood, 48, 128, 211
Matthews, Robert, 24, 26, 30
Maxwell Air Force Base, 16, 48, 50, 101, 113, 116, 124
McCauley, James, 2–3
McCauley, Leona, vii, xii, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 51, 56, 64, 65, 72, 80, 102, 107, 128; background and Parks’s childhood, 1–10, 250n10; and Parks’s arrest, 74–77; and difficulties during the boycott, 101–102, 119, 121, 124, 125, 131, 134, 140; and difficulties in Detroit, 149–150, 154, 159, 222, 286n119, 291n102; and visit to Highlander, 136, 137; death of, 229
McWhorter, Diane, 138, 159
Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church, viii, ix
Michigan Chronicle
, 151, 175, 176, 199, 220, 223
middle class, 16, 26, 30, 51, 52, 54, 72, 73, 77, 79, 99, 156, 172, 176, 295n59
Million Man March, 232
Miss White’s Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, xii, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17
Montgomery Advertiser
, 27, 31, 41, 82, 83, 87, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 106, 108, 111, 113, 125, 166
Montgomery Fair, 37, 42–43, 60, 61, 65, 100, 102, 108, 116, 118, 139
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), 102, 113, 115, 118, 119, 127, 137–138, 140; and organization of boycott, 92, 94–98, 99, 100, 112; origins of, 90–91; treatment of Parks, 104, 105, 107, 121–122, 132, 136–145, 148–149, 152, 153, 157, 159, 273n9
Montgomery Progressive Democratic Association, 44
Moore, Audley (Queen Mother Moore), ix, 212, 221, 223, 232
Morgan, Juliette, 125–126
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, (NAACP), xi, xiii, 7, 8, 14, , 70, 112, 118, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 140, 145, 146, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 177, 211, 224; Detroit branch, 152, 172, 174, 175–176, 193, 203, 231, 280n205; Detroit youth chapter, 190; Monroe chapter, 213–214; Montgomery branch and Parks’s work with, 17–35, 37, 41, 44, 51, 55, 60–61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 85, 234, 249n10, 255n50, 257n117, 258n161, 268n84; and Montgomery bus boycott, 85, 108–109, 118–119, 126–131, 137–138; Nixon election and activist reorientation of Montgomery branch, 24–30; Parks joins, 17–18; Raymond Parks and, 15–17; redbaiting of 39, 83–84, 96, 114; River Rouge (MI) branch, 155–156, 165; Youth Council (Montgomery), 29–30, 32–33, 36, 37, 41, 43, 45, 56, 58–59, 64, 69, 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 93, 212
National Black Political Convention (Gary Convention), 221
National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in American (N’COBRA), 231–232
National Council of Negro Women, 130, 131, 161
National Negro Labor Council, 127, 145, 201
National Urban League, 160
New York Times
, viii, 94, 110, 112, 114, 216, 233, 249n7
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 39, 158
Nixon, E. D, 17–20, 21, 23, 36, 43, 46, 48, 49, 122, 123, 125, 128, 134–135, 188, 206, 213, 221; election as NAACP branch president and activist reorientation of Montgomery branch, 24–30; and activism pre-boycott, 34–35, 44, 45; and Montgomery bus boycott,