Virginia, 25, 36, 37, 39, 43, 53, 54, 71, 87, 91, 103, 107, 145, 148, 188, 219, 257n120, 263n116, 266n35, 279n182; and financial assistance for Parks, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 128, 131, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 150, 154, 155, 229, 273n9, 274n17; and redbaiting, 35, 77, 119–120; and work on Colvin case, 56–58
Eastland, James, 35, 77, 107
Ebony
, 174, 237, 239, 288n183
education, 2, 4–5, 8, 10, 13, 16, 20, 26, 147, 152, 167, 186, 222, 228, 234; and discrimination, 33–35, 47, 137, 168, 174, 191, 243, 244
Edwards, Sylvester, 3
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 94, 108, 111, 137, 159, 189, 214, 221, 224, 225, 226, 270n151
Fields, Uriah, 122, 139
Fisk University, 96, 103
Franklin, C. L., 174, 177, 180, 223, 224
Freedom Now Party, 177, 178, 182, 190, 209, 210
freedom rides, 18, 214
Freedom Train, 29, 41, 68, 201
Friends of SNCC (FOS), 189–191
Garvey, Marcus (Garveyism), xiii, 3–4, 211, 218
Gary Convention.
See
National Black Political Convention
Gayle, Tacky (mayor of Montgomery), 52, 106, 107, 108, 114, 132, 133, 141
Gilmore, Georgia, 87, 91, 102
Giovanni, Nikki, 43, 68, 123, 126, 223
Graetz, Jean and Robert, 246, 131, 138, 135; Jean, 123, 138; Robert, 23, 65, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94–95, 99, 104, 108, 109–110, 112, 122, 123, 132, 135, 137
grassroots movement, 15, 16, 25, 26, 28, 36, 83, 119, 164, 171, 180, 181, 197, 203, 209, 227, 241
Gray, Fred, 34, 45, 54, 57, 61, 80, 82, 90, 94, 97, 109, 112, 114, 124, 135, 137, 237; as lawyer for Parks, 77, 88–89, 108–109
Great Depression, 10
Group on Advanced Leadership (GOAL), 178, 209–210
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 116, 179, 212, 237
Harlem, 21, 25, 44, 128, 177, 193, 209, 212, 236
Haskins, James, xi, 1, 23, 93, 124, 139, 171, 205, 238, 250n12, 261n75
Height, Dorothy, 161, 162, 232, 239
Henry, Milton and Richard, 178, 192, 197, 211, 223; Milton (Gaidi Obadele), 175, 180, 182, 210, 225; Richard (Imari Obadele), 177, 221, 225
Highlander Folk School, xi, xiii, 91, 93, 94, 100, 127, 128, 129, 139, 211, 212, 234; and financial assistance for Parks, 120, 121, 131, 136, 137, 139, 140; Parks’s first visit to (August 1955), 29, 35–43, 58, 71; red-baited, 24, 146, 147, 148, 155, 158, 184, 187, 188, 201; twenty-fifth-anniversary celebration (1957), 146–148; visit with the Graetzes (August 1956), 131–132; visit with Parks’s mother (December 1956), 136–137; workshop on sit-ins (May 1960), 153–154
Hill, Charles, 177, 178
Holt Street Baptist Church, 71, 91, 93, 228, 236
Horne, Lena, 162
Horton, Myles, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 67, 71, 78, 85, 86, 93, 94, 127, 131, 188, 237; and assistance for Parks, 120, 121, 127, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139–140, 163, 188, 229; and red-baiting, 129, 147, 158, 185, 188, 279n171
Huggins, Erika, 217, 228–229
Hurricane Katrina, vii, x, 241
inequality, 144, 169, 173, 174, 175, 178, 232; economic, 5, 22, 192, 216, 238; racial, xiii, 20, 166–167, 169, 171–177, 179, 200, 213
In Friendship, 25, 118, 128
integration.
See
desegregation
International Legal Defense (ILD), 14–15
Jackson, Esther Cooper, 16, 24, 240
Jackson, Jesse, 230, 232
Jenkins, Esau, 39, 41, 71
Jet
, 43, 82, 102, 154
Jim Crow laws, 66, 72; in the North, xiii, 165–174; in the South, viii, xiv, 1, 50, 63, 83.
See also
segregation
Johns, Vernon, 45, 50, 51, 54–55, 68
Johnson, Arthur, 157, 172, 176
Johnson, Geneva, 48–49
Keith, Damon, vii, 231, 241, 245
Kennedy, John F., 20, 159, 160, 162, 209, 231
King, Coretta Scott, 87, 102, 107, 123, 162, 163, 188, 216, 217, 219, 221, 238, 239
King, Martin Luther, Jr., ix, x, xv, 39, 83, 87, 89, 94, 95, 102, 113, 122, 123, 124, 128, 131, 170, 186, 201, 205, 236, 244; and aftermath of Montgomery bus boycott, 134–135, 137–143, 149; assassination of, 213, 215–219, 230; commemoration of, 228, 238, 242; criticism of, 202; and divisions among civil rights leadership, 118–119, 137–139, 140, 142, 150, 168; leadership of Montgomery bus boycott, xi, 54–56, 66, 71, 73, 78, 79, 81–82, 86,
Alison Roberts / Kate Hardy