90–91
POW camps, 181–82
medical experimentation in, 185, 269–70
starvation in, 182
typhus in, 194, 270
POWs:
of Austria, 23, 28
of Britain, 248
of France, 194–95
of Russia, 2–3, 14–15, 23, 26, 28, 38–39, 139–40, 144, 181–82, 194
of Turkey, 23
Pozna, 278
Preminger, Otto, 280
President Warfield , 280
preventive medicine, of Nazis, 193
“Principles and Rules of Experimentation on Human Subjects” (Ivy), 267
prison factories, 249
“Problems of the Science of Science” (Fleck), 241–45
Promise Hitler Kept, The (Folkmann), 170
propaganda:
of Nazis, 101
of Soviets, 182
property, confiscation of, 106, 137–38, 277
protein broth, 228
Proteus OX-19 , 30–31
proto-ideas, in medicine, 91, 92
Prowazek, Stanislaus von, 28–29
Prussian army, 25
Prussian virtues, 200
Przemyl, 15, 110
lab in, 15, 19 , 36, 41, 170
Przybyłkiewicz, Zdzisław, 107, 166, 288
Weigl and, 276–77, 279, 290
public health:
in Germany, 88–89, 93–94, 101
in Poland, 64–67, 92, 114, 119–20, 140–42, 154
Public Health Laboratory, U.S., 94–95
PZH (Polish National Institute of Hygiene), 41–42, 62, 64–65, 66, 121, 140, 171, 278, 288, 294
Quarantine , 119–20
quarantines, 90, 95, 100, 140, 141, 185, 202
quintana , 27, 160, 161–61
rabbits:
at Buchenwald, 234, 237
as food, 221, 227, 247–48, 251, 259
typhus research with, 188, 193–94, 237
vaccine from lungs of, 194, 204, 233, 237, 239–40, 244–47, 270, 281
rabbit soup, 237
rabies vaccine, 171
Rabka, 189
race hygiene, 89–90, 103, 108, 120, 174, 180
racial science, of Nazis, 89–91, 93, 118–19, 134, 142, 192
Radio Lwów, 49
Radło, Piotr, 66, 70
Rajchman, Ludwik, 41, 64–65, 92
Rajsko, 220–29
agricultural research station at, 220–21
animal autopsies at, 227
daily inspection at, 226–27
evacuation of, 256–57
sheep at, 226
vegetable gardens at, 220–21, 226
Rapacka, Helena, 119–20
rash, of typhus, 21, 36
Rats, Lice and History (Zinsser), 14
Ravensbruck, 279
Red Army, 32, 33, 49, 110, 111 , 149, 180–83, 257
R. Fleck in, 279
Red Cross:
of France, 249
of Germany, 34
International branches of, 38
of Poland, 66–67
of U.S., 38–39
Redner, Alex, 130
Redner, Marek, 130, 155
Reds (leftists), in concentration camps, 197–200, 208, 232, 297
red spots, 21, 36
Reed, John, 23–24
reflexes, 21
refugees, 24, 32, 34–35, 38–39, 109, 110, 112, 126, 138, 301
post–World War II, 280
Reich, enemies of the, 99
Reichert, 71
Reich Main Security Office, 236
Reich Ministry, in Berlin, 118
Reich territory, 118
Reisowa, Karolina, 53
religious dissenters, 100
Remarque, Erich Maria, 26
resistance:
against Soviets, 116–17, 125
respiratory illnesses, 90
Reutt, Jan, 77
Ricketts, Howard, 29
Rickettsia , 11, 96–97, 98, 145–47, 165, 193, 281, 300
R. mooseri , 94
R. prowazekii , 17–18, 21, 29, 31, 36–37, 55–56, 64, 146, 161, 231, 239, 247, 300–301
complexities of, 239–40, 242–44, 246
genetic analysis of, 21
groupthink and, 243–45, 248
R. quintana , 27, 160–61
R. rochalima , 161
Riga, 192
ritual against typhus, 123
ritual baths, 39
Robert Koch Institute (Berlin) , 63, 88, 94, 188–89, 202, 208, 268
Rocha Lima, Henrique da, 28–29, 63
Rockefeller Institute, 94, 238, 272
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 20
Rodenwaldt, Ernst, 25
Rokita, Richard, 137
Romania, 109, 114, 193
typhus expert from, 244
Rome, 98
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 163, 265
Rose, Gerhard, 188–89, 207, 268–69, 271
Roux, Émile, 24
Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 27
rubber, artificial source of, 221–22
Ruff, Stanisław, 132
Ruiz Castañeda, Maximiliano, 94, 193
Ruppert, Joseph, 120
Russia:
czarist armies of, 25–26
Napoleonic invasion of, 24
post–World War I, 14
World War I typhus in, 20
Russian revolution, 31–32, 60
typhus epidemic in, 31–35
Russla, 186–87
Russlandmüde , 184
Rutten, Josef, 65–66
sabotage, 23, 162, 165
debates about, 230–31
of kok-saghyz project,