School Lunch Politics Read Online Free PDF Page A

“Herbert Hoover and the Two Great Food Crusades of the 1940s,” in Lee Nash, ed., Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institute Press, 1987), and “Herbert Hoover: A Biographical Sketch,” Herbert Hoover Presidential Museum, www.hoover.nara.gov/education/hooverbio.html . Also see Carolyn M. Goldstein, “Rationalizing Consumption at the Bureau of Home Economics, 1923–1940,” paper presented at the Schlesinger Library, April 30, 1998. Goldstein argues that home economists’ role in Hoover’s food conservation campaigns was important for institutionalizing expertise and sought to define “a vocational role” in the public sphere.
    122. See Levenstein, Revolution at the Table, 137–46.
    123. See, e.g., Rowena Schmidt Carpenter, “Menus and Recipes for Lunches at School,” USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 246, 1928, Countway Library, 36.c. 1928.2–246. Also see Annual Reports, North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, 1920–26, vols. 7–12, 44–15, and 82–85. Thanks to Lu Ann Jones for these references.
    124. Mabel Hyde Kitterdge, “School Lunches in Large Cities of the United States,” JHE, September 1926.
    125. C. Rowena Schmidt, “The Psychology of Child Nutrition,” JHE, May 1925, p. 264.
    126. Irene C. Harrington, “The High School Lunch: Its Financial, Administrative, and Educational Policies.” JHE, November 1924, p. 625.
    127. Anna L. Steckelberg, “Planning for the Hot Lunch in Rural Schools,” JHE, November 1923, pp. 643–14.
    128. Mabel Hyde Kitridge, “School Lunches in Large Cities,” 510.
    129. McCormick, “The Home Economics Teacher,” 3.
    130. Rose, “Child Nutrition and Diet,” 138.
    C HAPTER 2. W ELFARE FOR F ARMERS AND C HILDREN

    1. For a discussion of food relief policy, see Janet Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee Deep in Wheat: Food Assistance in the Great Depression (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986).
    2. See Madeleine Mayhew, “The 1930s Nutrition Controversy,” Journal of Contemporary History 23 (1988): 445–64.
    3. “20% of City Pupils Are Found Underfed,” New York Times (hereafter, NYT), October 29, 1932.
    4. United States Congress, House Committee on Agriculture, Hearings on the School Lunch Program, 79th Cong., 1st Sess., March 23–May 24,1945 (hereafter House Hearings, 1945). Reported by Dr. W. H. Sebrrell, Medical Director, United States Public Health Service, 25–26.
    5. “For Child Health: A National Call,” NYT, October 1, 1933. Also see “Food in Crisis,” NYT, May 1, 1936.
    6. See 1932 study of 400 Philadelphia families, Evan Clague, “When Relief Stops, What Do They Eat?” Survey, 67, no. 16 (November 16, 1932).
    7. “Parents Warned on Economy Diets,” NYT, April 20, 1936.
    8. House Hearings, 1945, p. 26.
    9. “Finds Nervous Ills in Homes of Idle,” NYT, January 16, 1932.
    10. House Hearings, 1945, pp. 54–56.
    11. United States Congress, Senate Subcommittee on Agriculture and Forestry, Hearings on Bills to Assist the States to Establish and Maintain School-Lunch Programs, May 2–5, 1944, 78th Cong., 2nd Sess. (hereafter Senate Hearings, 1944), 46–48.
    12. The states were California, Colorado, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. See H. M. Southworth and M. I. Klayman, “The School Lunch Program and Agricultural Surplus Disposal” (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Agricultural Economics, USDA, 1941), 14ff.
    13. See ibid., 14.
    14. Edward Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century Reform, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger 1988), 138.
    15. Adam D. Sheingate, The Rise ofthe Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States,