School Lunch Politics Read Online Free PDF

France, and Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001). Also see Kenneth Finegold and Theda Skocpol, State and Party in America’s New Deal (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995).
    16. See, e.g., Alice Kessler-Harris, In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th Century America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare: 1890–1935 (New York: Free Press, 1994); and Joanne L. Goodwin, “‘Employable Mothers’ and ‘Suitable Work’: A Reevaluation of Welfare and Wage Earning for Women in the Twentieth-Century United States,” in Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden, eds., Mothers and Motherhood: Readings in American History (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997.
    17. M. L. Wilson, “Nutritional Science and Agricultural Policy,” Journal of Farm Economics 24:1, Proceedings Number (February 1942): 188–205. Quote on 199.
    18. Southworth and Klayman, “The School Lunch Program,” 15.
    19. Ellen S. Woodward, “The Works Progress Administration School Lunch Project,” Journal of Home Economics (hereafter JHE), November 1936, p. 592 Woodward estimated that 592 of the 5,000 women were “economic heads of families” (36).
    20. See Gordon W. Gunderson, “The National School Lunch Program: Background and Development,” Food and Nutrition Service, 63, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1971, p. 9 and Southworth and Klayman, “The School Lunch Program,” 36.
    21. On gender and race in the WPA, see Linda Faye Williams, The Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2003).
    22. Southworth and Klayman, “The School Lunch Program,” 38.
    23. Anita K. Hynes, “W.P.A. School Lunch Project in Jefferson City,” JHE November 1936, p. 608.
    24. Ellen S. Woodward, “The Works Projects Administration School Lunch Project,” 593.
    25. Southworth and Klayman, “The School Lunch Program,” 36; and “The Fate of School Feeding,” JHE editorial, June 1943, p. 360.
    26. Milburn Lincoln (“M. L.”) Wilson, who became Assistant Secretary of Agriculture in 1934, is best known as the major architect of the “domestic allotment” policy under which the government adjusted farm income by guaranteeing (purchasing) a portion of the crop at protected prices. This policy became the backbone of New Deal agricultural policy. Wilson was also an advocate of nutrition, believing that better nutrition would strengthen not only American workers but also consumer food markets. See Rebecca L. Spang, “The Cultural Habits of a Food Committee,” Food and Foodways 2 (1988): 359–91. Also see Sheingate, The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State, 112–14. Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline ofthe Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), argues that the conflict was less a question of liberal versus conservative than between “different bodies of fact and information which led naturally to competing conclusions and conflicting behaviors” (83). Wilson was raised on a farm in Iowa and became the first county state extension agent for Montana. After World War I he studied agricultural economics and returned to Montana to become an agricultural economist at Montana State. Howard Ross Tolley worked at the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in the mid 1920s where he and Wilson met. See also David E. Hamilton, From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928–1933 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 180–81.
    27. On the differences in agricultural policy, see Paul E. Mertz, New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 256–57; William D. Rowley, M. L.