Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century Read Online Free PDF Page A

the collected essays in R. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (1994). M. Kele, Nazis and Workers: National Socialist Appeals to German Labor, 1918–1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1972), covers the period before Hitler came to power. Tim Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich (Oxford,1993), covers the period after. For capitalism’s evolution in eastern Europe, see M. C. Kaser and E. Radice (eds.) The Economic History of Eastern Europe, 1919–1975 , vol. 2 (Oxford, 1986), and G. Berend and I. Ranki, “L’évolution économique de l’Europe orientale entre les deux guerres mondiales,” Annales , 33 (1978). M. Jackson and J. Lampe, Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950 (Bloomington, Ind., 1982), has much good data. L. Neal, “The economics and financing of bilateral clearing agreements: Germany, 1934–38,” Economic History Review (1979), demystifies Nazi trade policy. M. Mazower, Greece and the Interwar Economic Crisis (Oxford, 1991), tries to show there were advantages as well as disadvantages to backwardness.
    The spectre of population decline hung over inter-war Europe: see M. S. Quine, Population Policies in Twentieth Century Europe (1996), J. M. Winter, “The fear of population decline in western Europe, 1870–1940,” in R. W. Hiorns (ed.), Demographic Patterns in Developed Societies (1980), D. V. Glass, Population Policies and Movements in Europe (1940), D. Kirk, Europe’s Population in the Interwar Years (1940), and P. Weindling, “Fascism and population in comparative European perspective,” in M. S. Teitelbaum and J. Winter (eds.), Population and Resources in Western Intellectual Traditions (1988). G. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality (1984), is a pioneering study. M. E. Kopp, “Eugenic sterilization laws in Europe,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 34 (September 1937), casts an approving eye over what now seem rather sinister practices.
    On racism in Germany, see M. Burleigh and W. Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany, 1933–1945 (Cambridge, 1991), D. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life (1987) and P. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (1989). B. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies and Others, 1933–1945 (1988), and R. R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (1988), focus on the race professionals. G. Mosse, Towards the Final Solution (1978), sets German anti-Semitism in a European context. For France, see W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in 20th Century France (1990); for Britain, see the debate between M. Freeden, “Eugenics and progressive thought,” Historical Journal , 22 (1979), pp. 645–71 and G.Jones, “Eugenics and social policy between the wars,” Historical Journal , 25 (1982), pp. 717–28. The impact of Nazism on Western thinking about race is described by E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism (1992), and manifested in J. S. Huxley and A. C. Haddon, We Europeans: A Survey of “Racial” Problems (1935). The link between racial fears, eugenics and social policy generally is explored in a fine survey, G. Bock and P. Thane (eds.), Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s-1950s (1991), and for the UK in J. Lewis, The Politics of Motherhood (1980). On gender policies under fascism, see R. Bridenthal et al., When Biology Became Destiny (1984), and J. Stephenson, Women in Nazi Society (1975). For Italy we have V. de Grazia, How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922–1945 (California, 1992), and A de Grand, “Women under Fascism,” Historical Journal , 19: 4 (1976).
    Hitler discusses his dreams for Europe in H. Trevor-Roper (ed.), Hitler’s Table-Talk (Oxford, 1988). The best survey remains A. and V. Toynbee (eds.), Hitler’s Europe (1954), which also prompted the meditation of a great historian, P. Geyl,