Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century Read Online Free PDF

“Hitler’s Europe,” reprinted in his Encounters in History (1963). A. S. Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939–1945 (1977), is essential on the economics, while J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism , vol. 3 (New York, 1990), is a superb collection of documents. N. Rich, Hitler’s War Aims , vol. 2 (1974), is reliable; G. Wright, The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945 (1968), excellent, though more general. U. Herbert, A History of Foreign Labor in Germany, 1880–1980 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1990) and J. Schechtman, European Population Transfers, 1939–1945 (Philadelphia, Pa, 1946), cover population movements. Recent research into the Wehrmacht is encapsulated in O. Bartov, Hitler’s Army (Oxford, 1991).
    Out of a vast literature on the Final Solution, E. Klee, W. Dressen and V. Riess (eds.) (translated by D. Burnstone), “Those Were the Days”: The Holocaust through the Eyes of the Perpetrators and Bystanders (1993), is the best collection of documents. M. Marrus, The Holocaust in History (1988), is a good survey of the debates, to be supplemented by his excellent extended reviews in Journal of Modern History. Fateful Months (1985) and The Path to Genocide (1992) contain important essays by the most measured and scrupulous of Holocaust historians, Christopher Browning, whose Ordinary Men (1993) is a contrast inargument, tone and style with D. Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners (1996). On Nazi demographic engineering, see R. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939–1945 (1957), and I. Kamenetsky, Secret Nazi Plans for Eastern Europe (1961). On occupation policies in specific countries, see A. Dallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945 (1981 edn), and A. S. Milward, The New Order and the French Economy (1970). Charles Cruikshank’s The German Occupation of the Channel Islands (Oxford, 1979) is a comprehensive, if mandarin account of an occupation experience of special interest for the British. It may now be contrasted with M. Bunting, The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule, 1940–1945 (1995). M. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece (1993), tries to show what occupation felt like for those involved, but this is more forcefully conveyed in diaries such as Z. Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 1939–1944 (Chicago, 1994), or in memoirs such as the nightmarish O. Pinkus, The House of Ashes (1991). J. Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation (Princeton, 1979), is a searching sociological analysis of the impact of occupation upon Polish society. It may be read alongside the same author’s Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, NJ, 1988) to compare the experience under Stalin’s occupation forces.
    The failure of collaboration is the subject of M. Conway, Collaboration in Belgium: Leon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement, 1940–1944 (1993). R. Paxton, Vichy France, Old Guard, New Order (1972), broke a taboo which forms the subject of H. Rousso’s Le Syndrome de Vichy (Paris, 1987). P. M. Hayes, The Career and Political Ideas of Vidkun Quisling, 1887–1945 (1972), probably contains everything most people will want to know on the subject, while J. Armstrong, “Collab-orationism in World War II: the integral nationalist variant in eastern Europe,” Journal of Modern History , 40 (1968), pp. 396–410, surveys eastern Europe. Two vivid journalistic accounts of the moral ambiguities of occupation are R. G. Waldeck, Athene Palace (New York, 1942), and C. Malaparte, Kaputt! (1948).
    On resistance, see J. D. Wilkinson, The Intellectual Resistance in Europe (1981), for ideas, S. Hawes and R. White (eds.), Resistance in Europe, 1939–1945 (1975), M. R. D. Foot, Resistance (1976), and T. Judt (ed.), Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe, 1939-1948 (1989), for achievements. C. Delzell, Mussolini’s Enemies (1961), discusses the anti-Fascists, a subject which also forms the focus of