The Time Travelers' Handbook Read Online Free PDF

crenellations. The English soldiers can shoot their arrows through these holes, and then retreat behind the cover of the wall. In the walls of the towers, there are also thin windows known as arrow loops, which are just the right size to shoot arrows through, but very difficult for the attackers down below to aim at.
    In between firing arrows, the soldier tells you that this attack has been going on for many days. Roger of Clifford holds this castle and the surrounding settlements for the king. He has retreated with his family and servants into the keep—that is, the inner part of the castle behind you and the strong castle walls.

    The keep is the safest place to be. Inside the keep there is enough food, water, and provisions stored to keep people going for weeks.
    Your friend praises the great work you’re doing with the crossbow, but points out that the Welsh army is coming up the hill toward the castle’s battlements with a nasty-looking battering ram. They plan to break down the heavy wooden gates. You look worried, but he doesn’t seem too concerned. He points to the battlements above the gatehouse, where an enormous cauldron of water is being heated over a fire. In the floor beneath are the delightfully named “murder holes,” through which the cauldron will be emptied. As soon as the attackers get too close, they are going to get a very nasty scalding.
    Next, however, the Welsh army starts using massive catapults, called trebuchets, to launch boulders at the outer walls. Soon, you see enemy soldiers swarming into the castle through the huge holes that the boulders have made. You decide it’s all getting a bit too close for comfort, and as an arrow whizzes past your ear, you decide it’s time to hit EJECT and head home.
    How To Make A Medieval Helmet
    You can make your own medieval helmet. Then, you will have it ready the next time you are under siege.
    You will need:
    â€¢ a large piece of silver cardstock • scissors • tape • a pencil • a ruler • some string • a glass jam jar
    1. Measure around your head using the piece of string. To do this, hold your string at one end against your forehead one inch above your eyebrows, and wrap the rest of it around your head until the length of the string touches the end. Hold on to the string at the point where it meets the loose end and measure from that point to the end using your ruler. Make a note of the length of the string.
    2. Take your cardstock and lay it down lengthwise in front of you, silver-side down. Measure from the left edge of your cardstock the length you noted down and mark it clearly.

    3. Measure and mark 11/2 inches up from the edge of the card nearest you. Use this mark to draw a rectangle 1½ inches by the length of your string. Add an extra 2 inches to the right of your rectangle. This will be used to fasten your helmet.
    4. Measure and mark 10 inches up from the 1½ inch line. Divide this up into five equal rectangles (ignoring the 2 inch fastener).

    5. Next, take your ruler and place it along the line you have drawn farthest from the bottom of your card. Measure and mark the midpoint of each of the five rectangles.

    6. Now, use your ruler to draw lines linking the corners of each rectangle along the 11/2 inch line up to the midpoints of the rectangles along the 10 inch line. This will give you five triangle shapes. Cut out your helmet as shown above, putting your leftover card to one side for later.

    7. Next, roll your cutout into a tall crown shape, silver-side out.
    8. Use the 2 inch tab to fasten your helmet by making sure it overlaps fully. Secure this with tape.
    9. Take your jam jar and place it open-side down onto the plain side of your leftover card. Draw around it using a pencil and cut out the circle.

    10. Mark the midpoint of your circle and then cut a single line from the edge of the circle to the midpoint. Bend your circle of card into a cone shape and secure this with