The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt
1860–1865 , vol. 4: Post-War Years, 1865–1875
    SECONDARY SOURCES

AHR
American Historical Review
Albion
Robert G. Albion, The Rise of New York Port (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1984, orig. pub. 1939)
ANB
John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
Baughman
James P. Baughman, Charles Morgan and the Development of Southern Transportation (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968)
BHR
Business History Review
Burns
E. Bradford Burns, Patriarch and Folk: The Emergence of Nicaragua, 1798–1858 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991)
Burrows & Wallace
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
Confidence Men
Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982)
Croffut
William A. Croffut, The Vanderbilts and the Story of their Fortune (New York: Belford, Clarke, 1886)
Folkman
David I. Folkman Jr., The Nicaragua Route (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1972)
Foner
Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution , 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988)
Gunn
L. Ray Gunn, The Decline of Authority: Public Economic Policy and Political Development in New York, 1800–1860 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988)
Heyl (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6)
Erik Heyl, Early American Steamers (Buffalo: n.p.), vol. 1 (1953); vol. 2 (1956); vol. 3 (1964); vol. 4 (1965); vol. 5 (1967); vol. 6 (1969)
HAHR
Hispanic American Historical Review
JAH
Journal of American History
JEH
Journal of Economic History
JER
Journal of the Early Republic
JModH
Journal of Modern History
Kemble
John Haskell Kemble, The Panama Route, 1848–1869 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943)
Klein
Maury Klein, The Life and Legend of Jay Gould (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
Lane
Wheaton J. Lane, Commodore Vanderbilt: An Epic of the Steam Age (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942)
McPherson
James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)
Morrison
John H. Morrison, History of American Steam Navigation (New York: Stephen Daye Press, 1959, orig. pub. 1903)
NYHis
New York History
NYHSQ
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
Stokes
I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 (New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1915–1928), vols. 1–6
Taylor
George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 (New York: Rinehart, 1951)
WMQ
William and Mary Quarterly
Wood
Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1993)
    INDIVIDUAL AND COMPANY NAMES

AO
Aaron Ogden
AS
Augustus Schell
ATC
Accessory Transit Company
CFA
Charles Francis Adams Jr.
CM
Charles Morgan
COH
Charles O. Handy
CtP
Courtlandt Palmer
CJV
Cornelius J. Vanderbilt
CKG
Cornelius K. Garrison
CV
Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794–1877
DDT
Daniel D. Tompkins
EC
Erastus Corning Sr.
EMS
Edwin M. Stanton
HFC
Horace F. Clark
HG
Horace Greeley
HR
Hudson River Railroad Company
HRR
New York & Harlem Railroad Company
JB
James Buchanan
JHB
James H. Banker
JMC
John M. Clayton
JLW
Joseph L. White
JMD
John M. Davidson
JRL
John R. Livingston
JWR
John W. Richmond
LS&MS
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company
NYC
New York Central Railroad Company
NYC&HR
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company
TG
Thomas Gibbons
WG
William Gibbons
WGM
William Gibbs McNeill
WDL
William D. Lewis
WHV
William H. Vanderbilt
WLM
William L. Marcy
WmC
William Comstock

Primary Source Bibliography
UNPUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES
Albany Institute for History and Art, Albany, New York
Erastus Corning I Papers
New York Central Railroad Collection
American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts
Comstock Family Papers
Richard Ward Greene Papers
Baker Library, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts
Erie Railway Company Collection
Records of R. G. Dun &
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