Teorías sobre la plusvalía (Tomo IV de El Capital) vol. III Read Online Free PDF

the division was £ 934 wages, and £ 266 profits: and, as in the third supposition, when the whole sum was spent on the joint produce of the machine and labour, the division was £ 900 wages and £ 300 profits.» ( ibidem , pp. 16-17)
    56. «… he certainly cannot employ [43] as much labour as he did before, without accumulating further capital; but […] the revenue which is saved by the consumers of the article after its price has fallen, will, by increasing their consumption of that or something else, create a demand for some though not for all the labour which has been displaced by the machine.» ( ibidem , p. 119, nota)
    56. «Mr. McCulloch […] conceives that the introduction of machines into any employment necessarily occasions an equal or greater demand for the disengaged labourers in some other employment […] In order to prove this, he supposes that the annuity necessary to replace the value of the machine by the time it is worn out, will every year occasion an increasing demand for labour. But as the successive annuities added together up to the end of the term, can only equal the original cost the machine, and the interest upon it during the time it is in operation, in what way it can ever create a demand for labour, beyond what it would have done had no machine been employed, it is not easy to understand.» ( ibidem , pp. 119-120, nota)
    60. «If a woollen and a silk manufacturer were each to employ a capital of 2.000£; and if the former were to employ 1.500 £ in durable machines, and 500 £ in wages and materials; while the Utter employed only 500 £ in durable machines, and 1.500 £ in wages and materials… Supposing that a tenth of these fixed capitals is annually consumed, and that the rate of profits is ten per cent., then as the results of the woollen manufacturer’s capital of 2.000 £ must, to give him this profit, be 2.200 £, and as the value of his fixed capital has been reduced by the progress of production from 1.500 £ to 1.350 £, the goods produced must sell for 850 £. And, in like manner, as the fixed capital of the silk manufacturer is by the process of production reduced one-tenth, or from 500 £ to 450 £ the silks produced must, in order to yield him the customary rate of profit upon his whole capital of 2.000£, sell for 1.750 £… when capitals equal in amount, but of different degrees of durability, are employed, the articles produced, together with the residue of capital, in one occupation, will be equal in exchangeable value to the things produced, and the residue of capital, in another occupation .» ( R. Torrens «An Essay on the Production of Wealth…», Londres, 1821, pp. 28-29) [Marx reproduce la frase correspondiente a esta cita: «suponiendo que se emplee capital de different degrees of durability», como síntesis del pensamiento desarrollado en sus propias palabras por Torrens]
    60. «… customary rate of profit …» ( ibidem , p. 29) [493]
    61. «… Equal capitals , or, in other words, equal quantities of accumulated labour, will often put in motion different quantities of immediate labour ; but neither does this furnish any exception to our general principle [44] …» ( ibidem , pp. 29-30)
    61. «In that [45] early period of society […] the total quantity of labour, accumulated and immediate, expended on production , is that […] which […] determines the quantity of one commodity which shall be received for a given quantity of another. [46] When stock has accumulated, when capitalists become a class distinct from labourers , [47] […] when the person who undertakes any branch of industry, does not perform his own work, but advances subsistence and materials to others, then it is the amount of capital, or the quantity of accumulated labour expended in production, […] which determines the exchangeable power of commodities.» ( ibidem , pp. 33-34)
    61. «As long as […] two capitals […] equal, [the law of competition, always tending to equalize the