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behaviour
involved in directing the organization and helping
it to define and achieve its goals. This dimension
includes the leader’s ability to understand the
actions others can act upon.
    From these two dimensions, we can conclude
that a leader performs three basic functions:
organizational; interpersonal; and decisional.
These functions are essential in the success of a
leader. They are played out in the leader’s actions
and in the leader’s relationship with his or her
followers.
    Transactional V. Transformational Leadership There are two kinds of leadership: transactional and
transformational.
    Transactional or managerial leadership is a
leadership style that promotes compliance with
existing organizational norms through supervision
and monitored group performance using traditional
rewards and punishments. Transactional leadership
is an effective strategy for projects that must closely
follow standards to succeed. Transactional leaders
are also especially effective in times of crisis, such as
    the supertyphoon Yolanda.
    Transactional leadership can be very effective in
the right settings. Good coaches of sports teams are
transactional leaders. Sports teams operate within
rules with very little flexibility, and adherence to
organizational norms is the key to their success.
Good coaches are able to motivate their team
members to play and win.
    Transformational leadership focuses on the
followers’ morale and engagement, and attempts to
link the followers’ sense of self with organizational
values. This leadership style stresses leading by
example. This is the kind of leader whom we should
elect in 2016. I call on the legendary courage of
the Batanguenos to reject any leader involved in
the PlO billion pork barrel scandal, and to reelect
senators who are fighting to uphold justice among
the suspects, despite efforts at black propaganda
by the mastermind in the Senate of the plunder
conspiracy.
    We do not have to choose between these two kinds
of leadership; instead we should use both of them.
    The full range approach of leadership seeks
to blend the best aspects of transactional and
transformational leadership into one comprehensive
approach. In this approach, the leader uses these
techniques from transactional leaders: communicates
clear expectations of outcomes and rewards; gives
rewards and recognition for accomplishments;
and actively monitors the followers’ progress and
provides supportive feedback. At the same time,
the leader, in accordance with transformational
leadership, makes interpersonal connections
with followers; mentors and coaches others;
solicits followers’ ideas; encourages creativity and
individuality; inspires others to perform; and leads
by example.
    Other Leadership Perspectives
    Aside from transactional and transformational
leadership, there are other leadership perspectives,
namely, moral leadership, servant leadership,
shared leadership, and emotional leadership,
among others.
    Moral or ethical leadership focuses on how
leaders use their social power in the decisions
they make, actions they engage in, and ways they
influence others. An effective leader influences a
subordinate’s attitude and values. Thus, a moral
leader has moral influence over his or her followers.
    Servant leadership is exercised when the leader
is destined to work for people and the community.
A servant leader looks at what people need and asks
how to help people to solve problems.
    Shared leadership means that leadership is
distributed within a team, and people within that
    team lead each other.
    Emotional leadership is a process that leaders
use to influence their followers in a common goal.
Leaders in a positive mood can impact their group
in a positive way. Charismatic leaders can transmit
their emotions and influence followers through
"emotional contagion.” 1
    Developing Student Leadership You — the youth who will determine the future of
the Philippines — should not only get involved, but
also each one of