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Pilgrim—The Presidency, the Founding of the University, and the Private Battle (Lanham, Md., 1993). For longer single-volume treatments that emphasize his public side, see Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York, 1970); Noble Cunningham, In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Baton Rouge, La., 1987); Willard Sterne Randall, Thomas Jefferson: A Life (New York, 1992); and Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (New York, 2012). The modern biography that reshaped the discussion on Jefferson is Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York, 1974). For a semi-biographical character study of Jefferson, see Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997).
    For good short biographies see Page Smith, Jefferson: A Revealing Biography (New York, 1976); Norman K. Risjord, Thomas Jefferson (Lanham, Md., 2002); and Richard B. Bernstein, Thomas Jefferson (New York, 2003).
    All other Hamilton biographies are overshadowed by Ron Chernow’s massive and resplendent single volume, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 2004). For an older, though useful, two-volume life history, see Broadus Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1957, 1962). Several more brief biographies are available. See Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton: American (New York, 1999); Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1982); Noemie Emery, Alexander Hamilton: An Intimate Portrait (New York, 1982); Robert A. Hendrickson, Hamilton (New York, 1976); Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton: A Biography (New York, 1982); John C. Miller, Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox (New York, 1959); Willard Sterne Randall, Alexander Hamilton: A Life (New York, 2003); and Nathan Schachner, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1957). Hamilton’s life through the American Revolution is told in detail in James Thomas Flexner, The Young Hamilton: A Biography (Boston, 1978).
    Far more has been written on Jefferson than on Hamilton, perhaps because of his longer life and greater abundance of papers. In fact, so many books and essays have poured forth on Jefferson that a comprehensive list of those works published prior to 1992 fills two large volumes. See Frank Shuffelton, ed., Thomas Jefferson: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography of Writings About Him (New York, 1983) and Shuffelton, Thomas Jefferson: An Annotated Bibliography (New York, 1992). Unfortunately, no such bibliography of works on Hamilton has been compiled.
    A few previous comparative studies are available. The earliest was written by a journalist and political activist and reads like a campaign advertisement for Jefferson. See Claude Bowers, Jefferson and Hamilton: The Struggle for Democracy in America (Boston, 1925). A more scholarly treatment is Roger G. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character (New York, 2000), though this book begins with the Hamilton-Burr duel and focuses largely on Jefferson’s relationship with Burr after 1804. For a thoughtful and provocative analysis, see Darren Staloff, Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding (New York, 2005), a study that emphasizes how the Enlightenment guided and transformed these Founders.
    Both Jefferson and Hamilton have been the subject of numerous works that probe specific aspects of their life, thought, ideas, and policies. Readers can find many cited in the notes for this book.

Abbreviations
     
     
     
     
AH
Alexander Hamilton
AJL
Lestor J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams . 2 vols. Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North Carolina Press, 1959.
Bernstein, TJ
R. B. Bernstein, Thomas Jefferson . New York, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Brodie, TJ
Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History . New York, W. W. Norton, 1974.
Brookhiser, AH
Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton: American . New York, Free Press,