A Civil War Read Online Free PDF

Stanislao G. Pugliese,
Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone
, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009.
    23 For an excellent anthology of writings in Italian on the armed Resistance, see Philip Cooke, ed.,
The Italian Resistance: An Anthology
, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
    24 Renata Viganò,
L’Agnese va a morire
, Turin: Einaudi, 1949 – winner of the Premio Viareggio and basis of the 1976 film of the same name directed by Giuliano Montaldi; Ada Gobetti,
Diario partigiano
, Turin: Einaudi, 1949 – there is a forthcoming English translation by JoMarie Alano. See also Rosetta D’Angelo and Barbara Zaczek, eds,
Resisting Bodies: Narratives of Italian Partisan Women
, Chapel Hill, NC: Annali d’Italianistica, 2008; and Jane Slaughter,
Women and the Italian Resistance, 1943–1945
, Denver: Arden Press, 1997.
    25 On the persistence of Fascist and neo-Fascist threats to the Italian Republic, see Franco Ferraresi’s
Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy after the War
, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996 (original edition published by Feltrinelli in Milan, 1995).
    26 Alessandra Mussolini (born 1962), member of the Italian parliament, still defends her grandfather’s political legacy.
    27 See Robert Katz,
Death in Rome
, New York: Macmillan, 1967.
    28 Guglielmo Petroni, transl. John Shepley,
The World Is a Prison
, Evanston, IL: Marlboro Press, 1999, pp. 74–6.
    29 Piero Malvezzi and Giovanni Pirelli, eds,
Lettere di condannati a morte della Resistenza italiana: 8 settembre 1943–25 aprile 1945
, Turin: Einaudi, 1994, 3–4, transl. Stanislao G. Pugliese.
    30 Ibid., pp. 319–20.
    31 See Roy Palmer Domenico,
Italian Fascists on Trial, 1943–1948
, Chappell Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
    32 Editor’s note: Rosario Romeo,
Il
problema nazionale tra 19° e 20 ° secolo: idee e realtà
, Roma: Bulzoni, 1977.
    33 Renzo De Felice,
Rosso e nero
, Milan: Baldini & Castoldi, 1995, pp. 12–25, transl. Stanislao G. Pugliese.
    34 Aga Rossi,
A Nation Collapses
, p. 137.
    35 Nicola Tranfaglia,
Un passato scomodo. Fascismo e postfascismo
, Rome and Bari: Laterza, 1996.
    36 Roberto Battaglia,
The Story of the Italian Resistance
, trans. P. D. Cummings, London: Odhams Press, 1957, p. 281.
    37 Alexander Stille,
New York Times
, 28 September 2002.
    38 ‘Il fatto delle leggi razziali è stata la peggiore colpa di un leader, Mussolini, che per tanti altri versi invece aveva fatto bene … certamente il governo di allora per timore che la potenza tedesca vincesse preferì essere alleato alla Germania di Hitler piuttosto che opporvisi.’
La Repubblica
, 27 January 2013, p. 1. ‘The fact of the Racial Laws was the worst mistake of a leader, Mussolini, who, for so many other reasons, was good for Italy … certainly the government of the time, fearful that German power would win, preferred to ally itself with Hitler’s Germany rather than oppose it.’
    39 See Borden W. Painter, Jr,
Mussolini’s Rome: Rebuilding the Eternal City
, New York: Palgrave, 2005, p. 160.
    40 Claudio Pavone email message to Stanislao G. Pugliese, 28 March 2013.
    41 Philip Cooke,
The Legacy of the Italian Resistance
, New York: Palgrave, 2011, p. 160.
    42 Pavone, ‘Premessa’, pp. xi–xii.

Preface
    Many years ago, Ferruccio Parri proposed to me that I write a book using, as a model, two works that sometime before had been published in France:
Les courants de pensée de la Résistance
by Henri Michel and, by the same Michel and Boris Mirkine-Guetzévitch,
Les idées politiques et sociales de la Résistance
. When I began my research I was, at first and above all, attracted to the institutional theme, though it was indeed through the drafting of the essay on
La continuità dello Stato
when I became convinced of the difficulty, in an essay on the Italian Resistance, of separating political, social, and institutional ideas and programmes.
    Above all, many of the ideas that circulated during the Resistance