A Civil War Read Online Free PDF Page A

edit the late Peter Edward Levy’s translation with a light hand. Levy, who taught in Siena, translated Pavone’s erudite, Latinate Italian into a complex, intricately rendered English. My thanks to Charles Maier, Mark Mazower, Victoria De Grazia and the late Tony Judt for their unflagging support in publishing this English translation.
    5 Proceedings published as Massimo Legnani, Ferruccio Vendramini, eds,
Guerra, guerra di liberazione, guerra civile
, Milan: Franco Angeli, 1990.
    6 See, for example, Giorgio Pisanò,
Storia della guerra civile in Italia (1943–1945)
, Milan: FPE, 1965; and Indro Montanelli,
L’Italia della guerra civile
, vol. 9 of his monumental 12-volume
Storia d’Italia
, Milan: Corriere della Sera, 2003.
    7 See Gianni Oliva,
Primavera 1945: Il sangue della guerra civile
, Milan: Giunti, 2011; or, for a more wide-ranging and contested application, Stanley G. Payne,
Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
    8 ‘Premessa’ in Pavone,
Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità nella Resistenza
, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1991, ix–xii.
    9 Paris: PUF, 1962.
    10 Paris: PUF, 1954.
    11 The essay now appears in Claudio Pavone,
Alle origini della repubblica: scritti su fascismo, antifascismo e continuità dello stato
, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1995.
    12 Ernesto Galli Della Loggia,
La morte della patria. La crisi dell’idea di nazione tra Resistenza, antifascismo e Repubblica
, Rome: Laterza, 1996.
    13 Elena Aga Rossi,
A Nation Collapses: The Italian Surrender of September 1943
, transl. Harvey Fergusson II, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 134–8.
    14 Parts of this Introduction have been adapted from an earlier essay, ‘A Past That Will Not Pass: Fascism, Anti-Fascism and the Resistance in Italy’, in
Fascism, Anti-Fascism and the Resistance in Italy
, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, pp. 1–22.
    15 The ‘Historians’ Debate’ in West Germany unfolded in the mid-to-late 1980s over the nature of the Holocaust and its relation with the Soviet gulag system. Originally a dispute between historian Ernst Nolte and philosopher Jürgen Habermas, it evolved into a watershed philosophical and historiographical moment. In English, see Rudolf Augstein et al.,
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler? Original Documents of the Historikerstreit, The Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the Holocaust
, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1993 (English-language edition of
‘Historikerstreit’: Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistschen Judenvernichtung
, Munich: Piper, 1987); Peter Baldwin,
Hitler, the Holocaust and the Historians Dispute
, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1990; Richard Evans,
In Hitler’s Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape the Nazi Past
, New York: Pantheon, 1989;
New German Critique
44 (special issue on the
Historikerstreit
) (Spring–Summer 1988); Ian Kershaw,
The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretations
, London: Arnold, 1989; Charles Maier,
The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust and German National Identity
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.
    16 Domenico Settembrini, ‘The Divided Left: After Fascism, What?’ in Spencer Di Scala, ed.,
Italian Socialism: Between Politics and History
(Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), p. 110.
    17 Quoted in Giorgio Bocca,
Storia dell’Italia partigiana
, Milan: Mondadori, 1995, p. 416.
    18 Ada Gobetti,
Diario partigiano
, Turin: Einaudi, 1956, p. 414.
    19 Ferruccio Parri,
Scritti 1915–1975
, Milan: Feltrinelli, 1976, p. 179.
    20 Alexander De Grand,
The Italian Left in the Twentieth Century
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, pp. 68–70.
    21 On the charismatic Rosselli, see Stanislao G. Pugliese,
Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
    22 For the first biography of Silone in English, see