The Silk Road: A New History Read Online Free PDF Page B

Feng, 97
Luoyang, 17, 108, 117–19, 150, 157
Macartney, George, 209, 212, 228
The Mahabharata (Sanskrit epic), 52
Mahayana Buddhism, 52, 66–68, 69
Mahmud of Kashgar, 196, 227–28, 234
mail service, 112 , 116, 196–97, 239
Maitreya Buddha, 61, 211
Malzahn, Melanie, 73
Manchus, 232–33
mandalas, 186
Manichaeism
in art, 109, color plate 11A
and Chang’an, 159
and Dunhuang cave documents, 167, 181, 182–83, 241
and immigrant populations, 4
and Uighurs, 108–11, 109 , 228
Marinus, 7
marriage contracts, 133–34
Mashik, 93, 95
Mauryan dynasty, 47
mazar shrines, 234, color plate 16A
Mazar Tagh, 216
medicine, 153 , 154
Melikawat, 199, 207
Meng Fanren, 176
merchants
and banditry, 193 , 240
Bento de Goes, 231–32
caravans in the Zhou dynasty, 79
in Caucasus region, 138
in Chang’an markets, 148–49, 157–58
and contract law, 103
and Gansu Province, 85
and Hedin’s travels, 11
Iranian, 2 , 3, 159
and jataka tales, 64
Jewish, 31–32, 217–18, 219 , 231
Kharoshthi sources on, 50
and local trade, 237
misconceptions about, 82, 111, 184
and the Mongol Empire, 231
and Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , 18
and precious stones, 194–95
and Qing dynasty, 233
regulation of, 37, 104, 237–38
and sea travel, 160–65, 162–63
and the silk trade, 49
Sogdian traders, 43, 81, 104, 116, 119–20, 125, 136, 138, 157–59, 239
and taxes, 99, 100–102 , 102
and Turfan, 96, 106
and Zhang Qian’s travels, 14
metalsmithing, 156
metalwares, 194
Methods & Aims in Archaeology (Stein), 176–77
Middle Khotanese, 210
Middle Persian, 71–72, 182, 210, 217
migrant populations, 47–48, 200, 235, 239, 240. See also nomadic people; refugees
military presence on the Silk Road
economic impact of, 8–9, 107
and the Han dynasty, 8, 14–15, 236
and Kroraina Kingdom, 42
and the Qing dynasty, 233
and Tang-dynasty payments to soldiers, 184, 215, 237
Minfeng, 33
Ming dynasty, 111, 151
Mintaka Pass, 32
Minway, 118–19, 239
Miran, 27, 53–54, color plate 5B
missionaries, 66, 150 , 183, 238, 240
Mithra, 134
Mohoyan Desert, 85
Mongols, 110, 229, 231
monotheism, 118
Moshchevaia Balka, 137–38
Mount Ling, 113
Mount Mugh, 21, 129–39, 131
Mount Wutai, 186, 187
Muhammad, 129, 230
multilingual texts, 214
mummies. See human remains
murals, 125, 126, 128 , 129, 138–39
Musakazim Mazar, color plate 16B
Museum of Indian Art (Berlin), 110
musk, 232
Muslim conquests. See Islam
mutual aid societies, 193
Muzart River, 58, 60
Nalanda, 240
Nana (goddess), 124, 126
Nanga Parbat, 27
National Library of China, 213, 217–18
naus structures, 123
Neelis, Jason, 32
negotiation for Dunhuang artifacts, 174–77
nephrite, 207
Nestorians, 110, 149
New Persian, 217, 219
Nisi Chilag, 218
Niya
abandonment of, 54
and banditry, 240
and Buddhism, 51–54, 53 , 61, 172, 206, 225
climate of, 38, 199 coins of, 48–49, 91
and diplomatic envoys, 50, 94, 236
and extent of Silk Road trade, 237
and Gandhari-speaking residents, 32
and Hedin’s explorations, 38, 43
joint burials at, color plate 7
and Kharoshthi script documents, 33, 35, 40, 42–44, 46 , 46–47, 51, 202
and Khotanese documents, 199
languages of, 56–57
and migrant populations, 21, 236–37, 239
silk artifacts of, 40
and Stein’s explorations, 25–30, 33–38, 37 , 42–43, 167, 173–74, 207, 209
stupas, 33–35, 52–54, 53 , 205, color plate 6
and travel passes, 36–37, 104
wooden carvings of, 38
and the Yuezhi, 71
nomadic people, 65, 73, 90, 200–201, 203. See also migrant populations
Norman Conquest, 210
Northern Liang dynasty, 172
Northern Qi dynasty, 143
Northern Wei dynasty, 55, 141–43, 144
Northern Zhou dynasty, 143, 144, 146–47
Ol’denburg, S.F., 175
Old Khotanese, 210
Ordam Padishah Mazar, 234
ossuaries, 98, 123, 123 , 143, 239
Ōtani Kozui, 12, 82
Ot-tegin, 133
padam face masks, 123 , 128, 145 , 147
paintings
An Jia’s tomb, 144, color plate 14
Bezelik caves, color plate 9
and Dandan Uiliq, 213
and Dunhuang caves, 24, 167–69, 168 , 172–79, 178 , 181, 186, 188–90, 189, 223 , 240
and Kizil caves,