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relevant only for the time they take to be traversed. If the distance is too great, you can't cross it quickly enough -- and if there is no distance at all (i.e., zero feet), the attacker can't draw and shoot quickly enough. It's still all about time.
    When we study actual assassination attempts, it's often difficult to determine precisely why an attack failed. Was it the intervention of protectors or was it a failure by the attacker, such as poor timing, inaccuracy, etc.? When an attack fails in TAD, however, we know it is entirely because of protector intervention, all other influences having been removed.
    Thus, TAD provides an excellent opportunity to assess which physical strategies are most associated with protector success and which are most associated with attacker success. In TAD, protector success means that no bullets hit the protectee anywhere, i.e., there is no tissue damage. Attacker success means that one or more bullets hit the protectee, i.e., there is tissue damage. So a Protector success rate of 45% means that in 45% of the attempts, the protectee is unharmed.
    Below are the statistical results of typical TAD exercises from 15, 7, and 0 feet.

     
Protector at 15 Feet
Attempts from 15 Feet on this Particular Day
108
Shots Fired
306
Shots Missed (Protectee Not Injured)
217
Protectee Injured
89
Average Number of Shots Before Intervention
2.83
Attacker Success Rate (Any Injury)
82%
Protector Success Rate (No Injuries)
18%
     

     
Protector at 7 Feet
Attempts from 7 Feet on this Particular Day
108
Shots Fired
164
Shots Missed (Protectee Not Injured)
105
Protectee Injured
59
Average Number of Shots Before Intervention
1.5
Attacker Success Rate (Any Injury)
55%
Protector Success Rate (No Injuries)
45%
     

     
Protector at 0 Feet
Attempts from 0 Feet on this Particular Day
105
Shots Fired
26
Shots Missed (Protectee Not Injured)
24
Protectee Injured
2
Average Number of Shots Before Intervention
.25
Attacker Success Rate (Any Injury)
2%
Protector Success Rate (No Injuries)
98%
     
    Here, in the simplest terms, is what TAD teaches:
     
When the protector is 15 feet from the attacker, there's not much contest; the attacker is likely to prevail.
At 7 feet, there's a contest; either person could prevail.
At zero feet (arm's reach), there's no contest -- protectors will almost always prevail.
    Each round of the TAD exercise offers different lessons:
    Round One (protector positioned 15 feet from attacker) teaches that the five steps it takes to reach the shooter take a lot of time when you're racing against gunfire. Every person who goes through this training develops a lasting respect for those 15 feet.
    Round Two (protector 7 feet from attacker) teaches the benefit of being closer. Because most protective details require that each protector observe many bystanders, some distance from bystanders is necessary. The more people one wishes to take in and assess, the farther back from them you must be. Fifteen feet allows a protector to take in many bystanders, which is great -- but the distance limits one's ability to respond quickly enough to any of the people being observed, which is not great. Closer is better, but since we can't afford to assign one protector to every bystander, a middle ground must be chosen -- and 7 feet emerges as that middle ground. At 7 feet, each protector can take in many bystanders and yet still have a viable chance of reaching an attacker in time. Nevertheless, while much better than 15 feet, 7 feet doesn't ensure success.
    Round Three (protector positioned directly next to attacker) teaches that when you can position yourself so that the suspect is within your arm's reach, you will prevail virtually every time. Your closeness by itself might deter a suspect from attacking, but even if it doesn't, you'll still likely prevail.
    Round Four (protector positioned directly next to attacker, hands pre-positioned) teaches that if your hands are already in position when the attacker tries to present