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kush in length. This demonstrates beyond all reasonable doubt that the Sumerians used pendulums to define their measurements. The question was, had they used the same Venus-watching principle as the Megalithic builders of the British Isles to reproduce their units?
    Sumerian written records tell us that the planet Venus was considered to be the goddess Inanna, who was of central importance to their culture, so it seemed entirely plausible. If they had used the same principle it seemed logical that they would have employed their own values; essentially keeping the same ‘software’ but inputting their own data. Instead of the 366 degrees of the Megalithic system we would have to use the more familiar 360 degrees first used by the Sumerians. And when we checked out the results for such a process – it worked perfectly.
    When the horizon was divided into 360 parts and Venus was timed across that part of the sky at the appropriate time of year the double-kush pendulum metres out exactly 240 seconds. And the period of 240 seconds is recorded as being so important to the Sumerians it had its own name – a ‘gesh’. It therefore seems certain that these people followed the Megalithic idea of creating a unit of length from timing the movement of Venus across the evening sky.

The American connection
    Later in our research we came across a letter written by the great American statesman, Thomas Jefferson and sent to the House of Representatives on July 4 th 1776. In this letter Jefferson laid out a recommendation for a new system of weights and measures for the new United States that he had helped to establish. He gave his reasoning and described some unusual facts he had uncovered whilst developing his intended units.
    He explained how he had realized that there was only one aspect of nature that gave rise to any reliable unit of measure – which he named as the turning of the Earth. So, like ourselves and the Megalithic builders of five and six millennia before him, he used the heavens to provide a basis for all measurement. In his letter he stated that he had come to realize that the imperial system of measurement used in Britain was not an accumulation of unrelated units as generally imagined. On the contrary, he said that their harmony indicated to him that they were members of a group of measurement units ‘from very high antiquity’.
    He gave a number of reasons for this belief including his astonishment that the foot, made up of twelve inches, was directly related to the ounce weight through the use of cubes. He said: ‘It has been found by accurate experiments that a cubic foot of rain water weighs 1000 ounces avoirdupois (Imperial).’
    It could be coincidence that a cubic foot holds 1,000 ounces of rainwater, not 999 or 1,001, but exactly 1,000 – or that the cube has sides that are a perfect 10 x 10 x 10 one-tenths of a foot. But Jefferson did not think so. And nor do we. However, it was Jefferson’s proposed units that fascinated us. They were never adopted but their properties are amazing.
    Jefferson’s logical mind also caused him to use a pendulum to convert time into a linear unit. He decided that he should use a pendulum that had a beat of one second as the basis for his measuring system. Of course, Jefferson had no idea that the second had come from the Sumerian culture or that it had been created by the use of a pendulum in the first place. Jefferson added one improvement suggested to him by a certain Mr Graham of Philadelphia – that he use a rigid pendulum of very thin metal without a weight on the end because it is more accurate than a conventional type of pendulum. The rules change with such a pendulum (known as a rod). A rod has to be exactly 50 per cent longer than a pendulum to produce the same time period. Jefferson’s timing piece, that beat once per second, is known as a ‘seconds rod’, and is 149.158145cm in length.
    The world knew nothing of the Sumerian culture in Jefferson’s time and