The Dark Box: A Secret History of Confession
abuse. Research on the local incidence of abuse conducted by Professor Gerry Kearns (who also participated in the seminar) of Maynooth University College, Dublin, has also proved invaluable. Understanding the psychological dimensions of confession, and stages of moral development, took me to the works of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and others as well as to the ideas of Michel Foucault. At the same time, I have derived considerable benefit from my conversations with the psychoanalyst and sociologist Professor Juliet Mitchell of the University of Cambridge and with the London psychoanalyst Josephine Klein.
    In the summer of 2012 I was invited by the international Catholic weekly The Tablet to publish an article on the neglect of confession. In consequence I received more than three hundred responses from readers around the world. This correspondence, together with interviews with penitents and confessors, has provided ample source material for the views expressed by the lay and clerical Catholic faithful that I have discussed in Part Three. I am indebted to CatherinePepinster, editor of The Tablet , for publishing my article. In addition, I thank all the respondents for their contributions. Their views have been essential even if they are not cited in the text. Charles Lysaght; Professor Bryan Fanning of University College, Dublin; and the late Dr. Pádraic Conway of the Newman Centre, Dublin, also helped to expedite my research and discussions in Ireland.
    I have also benefited from my correspondence with Father Desmond O’Donnell, OMI. Dr. David Bernard McLoughlin of Newman University College enlightened me on the topic of penitentials. The moral theologian Father Jim McManus advised me on questions relating to Alphonsus Liguori.
    I would also like to thank Professor Nicholas Lash, Dr. Mary Laven, Nathan Brooker, and Roger Labrie for reading the book, or parts of it, in manuscript form, and for their valued comments; and I must thank Father Alban McCoy, Canon John Koenig, Janet Lash, John Wilkins, Professor John Mahoney, Dr. Christopher Burlinson and Dr. Michael McGhee for their insights on specific matters.
    In addition, I thank my friend and agent Clare Alexander in London, Zoë Pagnamenta in New York, and my publishers Andrew Franklin, Lara Heimert, and Jens Dehning.
    This book was written under the hospitable auspices of Jesus College, Cambridge, for which I thank its Master and Fellows. Finally, I am especially grateful to my friend and ‘reader’ Professor Stephen Heath of Jesus College, Cambridge, for his encouragement and advice, and for scrutinising the manuscript and proofs. Any remaining infelicities are my responsibility.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
    Alvarez, David. Spies in the Vatican: Espionage and Intrigue from Napoleon to the Holocaust . Lawrence, KS, 2002.
    Augustine. The Confessions of Saint Augustine . Translated by E. M. Blaiklock. London, 1987.
    Bamji, Alexandra, Geert H. Janssen, and Mary Laven, eds. The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation . Surrey, UK, 2013.
    Beattie Jung, Patricia, and Joseph Andrew Coray, eds. Sexual Diversity and Catholicism: Toward the Development of Moral Theology . Collegeville, MN, 2001.
    Bell, Rudolph M. Holy Anorexia . Chicago, 1985.
    Berry, Jason, and Gerald Renner. Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II . New York, 2004.
    Bieler, Ludwig, ed., with an Appendix by D. A. Binchy. The Irish Penitentials . Dublin, 1975.
    Biller, Peter, and A. J. Minnis, eds. Handling Sin: Confession in the Middle Ages . Woodbridge, UK, 1998.
    Bossy, John. Christianity in the West, 1400 – 1700 . Oxford, 1985.
    Brooks, Peter. Troubling Confessions: Speaking Guilt in Law and Literature . Chicago, 2000.
    Brown, Judith C. Immodest Acts: The Life of a Lesbian Nun in Renaissance Italy . Oxford, 1986.
    Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo . London, 1969.
    ———. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early
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