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suspected other causes, or was hurried, etcetera. As discussed, bites like this from some elapid snakes can leave little or no trace at the site of the bite, even when the bite proves fatal. The neurotoxins common in elapid venom can cause rapid death by asphyxiation via, in layman’s terms, preventing the brain’s signals from telling the diaphragm to breathe. It is a (very) long shot, but it would be possible to use snake venom to murder someone (milked venom delivered via a hyperdermic needle, or something like that), but that seems quite ‘hollywood’ to me…
    Yeah, I still prefer the snake idea – sounds more likely than the octopus, even though it certainly would occur in the area. And a snakebite mark is almost invisible. No local rash or swelling, so don’t give up on the bite idea. Not impossible for someone who had a captive snake to bring it into contact with the victim.
    My friend, Vanessa Craigie also had a suggestion to make:
    I thought about blue-ringed octopus, which also causes death from motor paralysis and respiratory arrest within minutes of exposure, leading to cardiac arrest due to a lack of oxygen. They deliver venom by a bite from a horny beak, but given it’s such a tiny beast, such a bite probably wouldn’t leave much of a wound. They tend to live in crevices, but another Adelaide colleague says she’s seen them in a can on the beach. My problem with this one is again, what was the beach like – that is, were there any rockpools or beach rocks? Any sign that the victim had been in the water, even wading? On the downside, symptoms can include fixed, dilated pupils and nausea, so I’m not so keen on this one as an undetectable killer.
    Nick added to this information:
    Snakes in the Pseudonaja (Brown Snake) genus kill more people in Australia than other species, due to a combination of factors including: highly toxic venom that works especially well on mammals (like you and me), being common and abundant in disturbed areas where there are lots of people, and being more aggressive and inclined to bite than other species (as opposed to just bluffing, which many other snakes do, and humans frequently misinterpret as an attack).
    Nick Clemman put me onto an even more eminent colleague, Dr Ken Winkel, the Director of the Australian Venom Research Unit at University of Melbourne, who was kind enough to read the autopsy results. He, unfortunately, could not advise me further. Though he could not have been more kind.
    As to this mystery case, it certainly is that. I am not immediately struck by the possibilities of venom [no evidence of asphyxial mode of death, for example, whereas venom-induced paralysis is a very common mechanism of death after snakebite, especially in highly toxic elapids such as we have here in Australia, that is, things like death adders]. Ingested venom is not toxic so it would have to be injected. Many snake venoms cause inflammation and even tissue death at the site of injection, for example rattlesnake, vipers and many cobras, and this is associated with regional lymphadenopathy making their injection site somewhat conspicious – no evidence of that here as I understand it.
    Snake venom often causes nausea and vomiting. So again no sign of that here as his pastie was still intact. Dr Winkel went on to explain further:
    Also, as far as I can see digitalis [a heart stimulantderived from foxgloves] has been repeatedly suggested. This can be ingested and rapidly lethal. The pity is that this could have been confirmed today if they had kept tissue (especially blood) samples. The first thing I would look into is bone mineral analysis that should reveal where this person lived and something of their diet and habits in life. I would not think formaldehye would affect that kind of analysis – but I am not a forensic scientist.
    Other ingested toxins could be responsible but, like Tetrotoxin (TTX) or a potent neurotoxin as used in Michael