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reaching the Southwest in the early post-Christian centuries: bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) and cotton ( Gossypium hopi ).
Maize and squash had become well-known food crops in various parts of the Southwest by the last centuries B.C., and beans and cotton by the early A.D. centuries. They demanded new skills and a considerable amount of time devoted to planting, weeding, guarding, and harvesting the crops. The importance of agriculture, once it took firm hold in the Southwest, was enormous; however, there continued to be gathering and hunting. For the latter, another invention, the bow and arrow, gradually spread across the Southwest, reaching the Basketmaker-Pueblo areas in the early A.D. centuries.
The term Basketmaker-Pueblo , or Anasazi (for the latter name, see below), refers to the peoples in the upper Southwest, descendants of the Oshara Archaic, who gradually developed their very distinctive culture in the period from around A.D. 300 to 400 and were the ancestors of the historic and modern Pueblo Native

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Americans. Appearing in the same general time frame as the Anasazi were three other major cultural traditions that developed primarily from the Cochise Archaic. By the early A.D. centuries these traditions were established, and in one way or another they all affected the Anasazi. Farthest west were the Patayan peoples of the lower Colorado River. In southern Arizona lived the desert farmers known as the Hohokam who irrigated the basins of the Salt and Gila Rivers to raise their crops. In the mountain region of the modern New Mexico-Arizona border were other groups of Indians called Mogollon, and Mogollon-like villagers also extended eastward to the Rio Grande and deep into western Mexico. All these traditions had agriculture, and they all developed pottery, though the Patayan perhaps not until the latter part of the first millennium A.D. It was from the Mogollon area that simple red and brown hand-molded ceramics spread to the Anasazi. These latter people quickly began utilizing different clay sources and producing what became the typical late Anasazi black-on-white pottery. At about the time the Anasazi Indians began making pottery, they also began cultivating protein-rich beans that had made their way northward. Mogollon peoples and ideas were to strongly influence the western Anasazi region; in earliest historic times the Pueblo people of Zuni and Hopi were an amalgam of Mogollon and Anasazi.
Basketmaker-Pueblo began when groups of Archaic peoples who lived in caves and rock shelters turned agriculturist, growing maize and squash, and made sophisticated basketry. They inhabited both the Rio Grande and the San Juan river basins. These early farmers lacked pottery, the bow and arrow, and certain agricultural crops (beans and probably cotton). Their name comes from the well-made baskets used for food storage, transport, and probably to a limited degree, cooking. Around the time these Basketmaker II groups adopted pottery, beans, and probably the bow and arrow from Mogollon Indians farther south, they also began to build a relatively sophisticated type of structure called a pit-house. The idea for this structure, called a pit-house because a portion of it is excavated into the earth, probably also came from the Mogollon. Such cultural innovations ledby the period A.D. 500-700to a new synthesis that we call Basketmaker III.
By the way, there is no Basketmaker I. When the term was first coined in the early part of the twentieth century, archaeologists felt that there should be an earlier, more primitive culture from which the Basketmaker II people derived. We can now say that Basketmaker I is late Oshara Archaic.
The alternate name, Anasazi, was suggested by A. V. Kidder in 1936 because the term Basketmaker-Pueblo was somewhat cumbersome. Kidder employed the name for the entire Basketmaker-Pueblo sequence beginning with Basketmaker

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II and extending through Pueblo V (fig. 2). This is the way many