Jewish Life in Nazi Germany: Dilemmas and Responses Read Online Free PDF

kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany
(New York: oxford University Press, 1998).
See Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939 (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 2. See also his The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 4ff.
Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 87.
karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship , trans. Jean Steinberg (New York: Holt, Rinehart & winston, 1970), 191–214.
karl Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy Toward German Jews, 1933–1939 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 62–91.
Donald Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2001), 11–42.
Schleunes, chap. 4.
See Appendix A.
See Appendix e.
See Appendix D.
Avraham Barkai, From Boycott to Annihilation: The Economic Struggle of German Jews, 1933–1943 (Hanover: University Press of New england, 1989), 39–47.
See Uwe-Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich (Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1972), 172–203. See also Barkai, From Boycott , 54–85.
See most recently Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), especially chap. 3.
See Appendix I.
See Sybil Milton, “The expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany: october 1938 to July 1939—A Documentation,” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook xxIx (1984), 169–
199. See also Schleunes, The Twisted Road , 236–239.
See most recently Alan Steinweis, Kristallnacht 1938 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
See Appendix H.
See Appendix k.
Schleunes, The Twisted Road , 195.
See Bruce Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Antisemitism
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 284–286.
See Appendix J.
Between Hitler’s appointment as Reich Chancellor in 1933 and the onset of the “final solution” at the end of 1941, some 300,000 Jews were able to emigrate from the Altreich , or Germany, in its pre–1938 borders. A high percentage of those emigrating were young people, leaving behind an increasingly aging population with diminishing means in the face of accelerating hardship. Between 1933 and 1939, the number of Jews in Germany between the ages of sixteen and thirty-nine decreased by about 80 percent; the number of those sixty and over decreased by only 27 percent. About 16 percent of Jews in Germany in 1933 were sixty years of age and over, while that percentage increased to almost 37 percent of the remaining Jewish population by the summer of 1941. See Herbert A. Strauss, “Jewish emigration from Germany—Nazi Policies and Jewish Responses I,” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook xxV (1980): 318.
By far, the largest Jewish organization in Germany when the Nazis assumed power in January 1933 was the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens (Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith). Founded in 1893 in an environment of increasingly virulent antiSemitism in Germany, the Centralverein engaged in the struggle to maintain the civic equality and economic freedom of German Jews. Its membership reflected the overwhelmingly secular, assimilated, and German character and identity of the majority of Jews in Germany, who believed that one could be both German and Jewish at the same time.
estimates on the number of German Jews who perished in the Holocaust vary. See among others Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews , vol. 3 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 1220; and wolfgang Benz, Dimension des Völkermords: Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: oldenbourg, 1991). More than 60,000 Jews from Austria and about 78,000 from Bohemia and Moravia also perished.
Chapter One

C hanGinG r oLes in J ew ish f amiLies
R
Marion Kaplan
Having acquired full citizenship and middle-class status in the latter