profession. When historians first turned their attention to the success of conservative politics and ideas, many have noted Rand’s presence among the thinkers who inspired a rising generation. Earlier work on conservatism tended to make perfunctory acknowledgment of Rand or situate her as an irrelevant outcast from mainstream conservatism. George Nash’s seminal The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (1975) framed Rand as an extremist outsider effectively silenced by Buckley’s National Review , an interpretation Buckley himself promoted in his fictional Getting It Right (2003). Still, for much of this early work Rand remained a cipher. For example, Lisa McGirr’s excellent study, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (2001), inadvertently quotes Rand several times as she describes the libertarian worldview of Orange County activists. In one of the few academic discussions of the student libertarian movement, Jonathan Schoenwald’s essay in the edited volume The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums (2001) ignores Rand and identifies Murray Rothbard as the sole source of right-wing radicalism. Rand and libertarianism more generally are given a thorough, albeit brief, treatment by John Kelley in Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism (1997).
As historians have begun to locate the origins of conservatism in reaction against the New Deal and thereby accord more weight to business libertarianism, Rand has emerged as a figure of greater consequence. In Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (2009), Kimberly Phillips-Fein asserts the centrality of libertarian businessmen to the conservative renaissance, an important new line of interpretation that is being followed by a host of emerging scholars. Phillips-Fein notes Rand’s popularity among businessmen and describes her early political activism. Although not academic in nature, Brian Doherty’s celebratory Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement (2007) also recognizes Rand as a foundational thinker of libertarianism, alongside F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, and Murray Rothbard. Taken together, these books indicate a new interest in the history of libertarianism and a dawning understanding that political conservatism draws from both secular and religious roots. As historians continue to explore the importance of economic individualism, Rand will take her deserved place within the right-wing firmament.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Archival Collections
Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia
Libertarian Party Papers
Ayn Rand Archives
Ayn Rand Papers
Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington, New York
Leonard Read Papers
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa
Isabel Paterson Papers
Rose Wilder Lane Papers
William C. Mullendore Papers
Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University
Roy Childs Papers
Sidney Hook Papers
David Walter Papers
Patrick Dowd Papers
Williamson Evers Papers
John Hay Library, Brown University
Gordon Hall and Grace Hoag Collection of Dissenting and Extremist Printed Propaganda
Library of Congress
William Rusher Papers
Ayn Rand Papers
Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Alabama
Murray Rothbard Papers
Ludwig von Mises Papers
Stanford University Special Collections
Stewart Brand Papers
Yale University Library
William F. Buckley Jr. Papers
Periodicals
The Ayn Rand Letter , 1971–1976
Full Context , 1988–2000
Journal of Ayn Rand Studies , 1999–2009
The Objectivist , 1966–1971
The Objectivist Forum , 1980–1987
The Objectivist Newsletter , 1962–1965
Published Works by Ayn Rand
Anthem . Expanded 50th anniversary ed. 1938; New York: Penguin, 1999.
The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Readers and Writers . Ed. Tore Boeckmann. New York: Plume, 2000.
Atlas Shrugged . 35th anniversary ed. 1957; New York:
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