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Leagues
, edited by Leslie A. Heaphy (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2007), 99–100; Phil Dixon with Patrick J. Hannigan,
The Negro Baseball Leagues: A Photographic History
(Mattituck, NJ: Amereon, Ltd., 1992), 149, 151; Loverro, 310.
     
    10 . Lester, 130.
     
    11 . Tim Rives e-mail to author, August 20, 2009.
     
    12 . I am indebted to Tim Rives’s excellent essay “Tom Baird: A Challenge to the Modern Memory of the Kansas City Monarchs” for his analysis of Baird’s KKK associations. Tim Rives, “Tom Baird: A Challenge to the Modern Memory of the Kansas City Monarchs”
Satchel Paige and Company: Essays on the Kansas City Monarchs, Their Greatest Star and the Negro Leagues,
edited by Leslie A. Heaphy (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2007), 147, 149–152.
     
    13 . Bob Motley interview with the author, June 21, 2009.
     
    14 . Letter from Syd Pollock to Toni Stone, April 1, 1954. Bartlow-Reed private archive.
     
    15 . Buck O’Neil with Steve Wulf and David Conrads,
I Was Right on Time: My Journey from the Negro Leagues to the Majors
(New York: Fireside Books, 1997), 76.
     
    16 . O’Neil, 24, 27, 34, 155; Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix, “Carrie’s Gone to Kansas City,”
Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop, A History
(Oxford University Press, 2006), 28; Roger Niebohr interview with the author, November 19, 2007.
     
    17 . O’Neil, 76; Lew Freedman,
African American Pioneers of Baseball.
(Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2007), 7.
     
    18 . Bob Motley interview with the author, June 22, 2009.
     
    19 . James Bankes,
The Pittsburgh Crawfords
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2001), 53.
     
    20 . Bob Motley with Byron Motley,
Ruling Over Monarchs, Giants & Stars
(Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing, 2007), 109.
     
    21 . Donna DeVore interview with Connie Morgan, approximately 1993. Archives of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum of Philadelphia; Pollock, 252.
     
    22 .
Chicago Defender
, May 1, 1954;
Pittsburgh Courier
, May 4, 1954;
Chicago Defender
, May 8, 1954.
     
    23 . Baltimore
Afro-American
, July 31, 1954.
     
    24 .
Atlanta Daily World
, March 25, 1954.
     
    25 . Wilmer Fields,
My Life in the Negro Leagues: An Autobiography of Wilmer Fields
(Westport, CT: Meckler, 1992), 13, 22.
     
    26 . Bob Motley interview with the author, June 23, 2009; Motley, 142–143;
Kansas City Call
, May 7, 1954;
Atlanta Daily World
, May 7, 1954.
     
    27 .
Kansas City Call
, May 21, 1954.
     
    28 .
Kansas City Call
, May 21, 1954;
Kansas City Call
, May 28, 1954;
Kansas City Call
, June 4, 1954;
Chicago Defender
, June 5, 1954;
Chicago Defender
, June 12, 1954; Charles Sandy, “Blues Stadium,”
The Best of Remember When: 100 Warm Tales of Life As We Knew It
(Kansas City: Kansas City Star Books, 2001), 17.
     
    29 . Michael Carlson, “Buck O’Neil,”
The Guardian
, October 8, 2006.
     
    30 . Toni Stone interview with Kyle McNary, September 1993. McNary private archive.
     
    31 . Paul Dickson,
Baseball’s Greatest Quotations
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1992), 198.
     
    32 . Steve Jacobson,
Carrying Jackie’s Torch: The Players Who Integrated Baseball and America
(Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2007), 69, 71.
     
    33 . Tracy Ringolsby, “Will a Woman Ever Make It to the Major Leagues? Stone Rock Solid in Negro League,”
Rocky Mountain News
, May 11, 1995.
     
    34 . Baltimore
Afro-American
, July 17, 1954.
     
    35 . Toni Stone interview with Kyle McNary, September 1993. McNary private archive.
     
    36 .
Kansas City Call
, May 14, 1954.
     
    37 . Bob Hayes, “To This Ms., Diamond Is Made of Dirt,”
San Francisco Examiner
, May 4, 1976.
     
    38 . Wendell Smith,
Pittsburgh Courier
, August 22, 1953; Larry Lester,
Black Baseball’s National Showcase: The East-West All-Star Game, 1933–1953
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 389.
     
    39 .
Kansas City Call
, March 12, 1954.
     
    40 . Bob Gibson and Phil Pepe, ed.,
From Ghetto to Glory: The Story of Bob Gibson
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: