Cardiac/Vascular Nurse Exam Secrets Study Guide Read Online Free PDF
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to 50% develop type II diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition resulting in high blood glucose level. The condition is caused by metabolic dysfunction due to either low levels of insulin or abnormal resistance to insulin combined with inadequate levels of insulin secretion.
Type I diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in high blood glucose levels due to low levels of insulin. In type I diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
Type II diabetes is also known as adult onset or noninsulin dependent diabetes. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance and/or low secretion of insulin. In type II diabetes, the body is resistance to insulin, which in turn results in high blood glucose levels. Early in the disease, insulin levels may actually be greater than normal, but eventually the beta cells in the pancreas “burn out” and insulin levels are lower than normal.
Gestational diabetes is not a chronic condition and typically occurs during pregnancy and resolves upon birth. The condition results in high blood glucose levels due to low insulin secretion and responsiveness.
Causes and risk factors
Individuals with type I diabetes typically have a genetic predisposition for the condition. Therefore, individuals with a parent or sibling with the disease have a higher risk for developing the condition. The causes and risk factors for type I diabetes are poorly understood, aside from some individuals having a predisposition for the disease.
It remains unclear why individuals develop type II diabetes, but the disease is associated with certain predisposing risk factors. Risk factors that increase the risk for developing type II diabetes include obesity, physical inactivity, family history, increasing age, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. Also, individuals of African American, Hispanic, Native Americans, and Asian American descent are at higher risk for developing type II diabetes.
Medical conditions associated with a higher risk for developing type II diabetes include high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, coronary artery disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, liver dysfunction, hemochromatosis, and cystic fibrosis.
Symptoms
The symptoms of type I diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue and blurred vision. Patients diagnosed with type I diabetes may also present with diabetic ketoacidosis, which may include altered mental status, coma, hyperventilation, and abdominal pain. The symptoms associated with type I diabetes tend to develop rapidly over a short period.
The symptoms of type II diabetes also include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue and blurred vision. The condition also includes slow healing sores or frequent infections. Also, patients diagnosed with type II diabetes may present in a hyperosmolar nonketotic state. The symptoms associated with type II diabetes develop over time and may be mistaken for other conditions or go unrecognized.
Diagnosis and screening
The diagnosis of both type I and type II diabetes is suggested by physical examination, patient symptoms, and diagnostic tools. Type I diabetes diagnosis is suggested by the sudden onset of symptoms. A fasting glucose greater than 126 mg/dL or random glucose greater than 200 mg/dL on 2 different occasions is diabetes. Age, family history, comorbidities, and demographics help suggest type I, II, or gestational diabetes. Additionally, C-peptide levels serve as a marker for insulin production. Elevated C-peptide suggests type II and low C-peptide suggests type I.
The diagnosis of type II diabetes is typically made during ordinary health examinations, but diagnosis can be made by detection of
Diabetes mellitus is a condition resulting in high blood glucose level. The condition is caused by metabolic dysfunction due to either low levels of insulin or abnormal resistance to insulin combined with inadequate levels of insulin secretion.
Type I diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in high blood glucose levels due to low levels of insulin. In type I diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
Type II diabetes is also known as adult onset or noninsulin dependent diabetes. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance and/or low secretion of insulin. In type II diabetes, the body is resistance to insulin, which in turn results in high blood glucose levels. Early in the disease, insulin levels may actually be greater than normal, but eventually the beta cells in the pancreas “burn out” and insulin levels are lower than normal.
Gestational diabetes is not a chronic condition and typically occurs during pregnancy and resolves upon birth. The condition results in high blood glucose levels due to low insulin secretion and responsiveness.
Causes and risk factors
Individuals with type I diabetes typically have a genetic predisposition for the condition. Therefore, individuals with a parent or sibling with the disease have a higher risk for developing the condition. The causes and risk factors for type I diabetes are poorly understood, aside from some individuals having a predisposition for the disease.
It remains unclear why individuals develop type II diabetes, but the disease is associated with certain predisposing risk factors. Risk factors that increase the risk for developing type II diabetes include obesity, physical inactivity, family history, increasing age, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. Also, individuals of African American, Hispanic, Native Americans, and Asian American descent are at higher risk for developing type II diabetes.
Medical conditions associated with a higher risk for developing type II diabetes include high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, coronary artery disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, liver dysfunction, hemochromatosis, and cystic fibrosis.
Symptoms
The symptoms of type I diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue and blurred vision. Patients diagnosed with type I diabetes may also present with diabetic ketoacidosis, which may include altered mental status, coma, hyperventilation, and abdominal pain. The symptoms associated with type I diabetes tend to develop rapidly over a short period.
The symptoms of type II diabetes also include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue and blurred vision. The condition also includes slow healing sores or frequent infections. Also, patients diagnosed with type II diabetes may present in a hyperosmolar nonketotic state. The symptoms associated with type II diabetes develop over time and may be mistaken for other conditions or go unrecognized.
Diagnosis and screening
The diagnosis of both type I and type II diabetes is suggested by physical examination, patient symptoms, and diagnostic tools. Type I diabetes diagnosis is suggested by the sudden onset of symptoms. A fasting glucose greater than 126 mg/dL or random glucose greater than 200 mg/dL on 2 different occasions is diabetes. Age, family history, comorbidities, and demographics help suggest type I, II, or gestational diabetes. Additionally, C-peptide levels serve as a marker for insulin production. Elevated C-peptide suggests type II and low C-peptide suggests type I.
The diagnosis of type II diabetes is typically made during ordinary health examinations, but diagnosis can be made by detection of
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